Media and Information Literacy Repository – South Asia

Surveillance capitalism has fundamentally transformed the digital economy by commodifying personal data to predict and influence behavior. While its economic and ethical implications have been widely studied, less attention has been given to its role in enabling the dissemination of disinformation. This paper explores how the same mechanisms that underpin surveillance capitalism, such as ubiquitous data collection, behavioral profiling, and algorithmic targeting, increasingly mediated by Artificial Intelligence, are leveraged to propagate fake news with unprecedented precision. Drawing from case studies, and empirical research, we demonstrate how actors exploit personalized data to craft and disseminate manipulative content aimed at specific psychological and ideological profiles. By analyzing collected results, we demonstrate that surveillancebased advertising also enables large-scale manipulation, posing serious risks to democratic integrity, public trust, and digital governance.

This paper explores the breadth of intricate dynamics of algorithmic personalization and user autonomy in digital advertising, with a depth into the geo-targeted algorithms within the MENA region. As digital media increasingly rely on data-driven strategies to influence consumer behavior, understanding how these algorithms shape user experiences becomes paramount. By employing a qualitative exploratory study, this paper investigates the implications of personalized advertising on user choice and autonomy. Through multiple intensive interviews with MENA region end-users, we assess how geo-targeted algorithms curate advertising content, often leading to experiences that users perceive as both personalized and compromised. The findings may reveal that while users appreciate the relevance of personalized advertisements, they simultaneously express concerns about their autonomy and the extent of their informed choice. This study relies on media system dependency theory to illustrate how reliance on digital platforms shapes the user expectations and behaviors. The insights from the analysis may underscore the need to critically evaluate how geo-targeted advertising not only influences user decisions but also impacts the perceptions of advertising in the digital landscape. Ultimately, this research may provide broader knowledge in media studies by highlighting the ethical implications of algorithmic personalization in digital advertising. As advertisers navigate the challenges posed by data-driven marketing, the study may advocate for greater transparency and user empowerment in the advertising ecosystem. By examining the complex relationship between algorithmic personalization and user autonomy, this paper may contribute to understanding of the importance of fostering an informed and autonomous user base in the MENA region and beyond.

Influencers are required to make disclosures while posting sponsored content on social media. This study examined what kind of disclosures are effective and how prominent disclosures interact with advertising knowledge and message involvement to affect the recognition of sponsored influencer posts on Instagram. It conducted an online experiment (N = 296) with a 2 (disclosure type: prominent vs. subtle) × 2 (advertising knowledge: enhanced vs. not enhanced) x 2 (message involvement: high vs. low) between-subjects factorial design. Results revealed that people with enhanced advertising knowledge or with high message involvement led to greater advertising recognition, regardless of the degree of disclosure prominence. While on the other hand, when people’s knowledge of sponsored influencer content was not enhanced or when they were low in message involvement, the prominent disclosure was more effective than the subtle one in improving advertising recognition. Furthermore, recognizing sponsored content elicited resistance, which in turn led to less favourable attitude towards the brand. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed.

The marketing landscape is witnessing a strategic shift from human to AI-powered virtual influencers (VIs). While their use is growing, their impact on brand trust remains unclear, especially concerning key attributes like perceived authenticity and source attractiveness, and how these are filtered by consumers' digital literacy. This quantitative study employed an online survey to collect data from 153 Indonesian social media users from Generations Y and Z who were actively exposed to VI content. Data were analyse using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS) to test hypotheses regarding the influence of perceived authenticity and source attractiveness on brand trust, with digital literacy as a moderating variable. The results confirmed that both perceived authenticity (β = 0.612, p < 0.001) and source attractiveness (β = 0.328, p < 0.001) have a significant positive effect on brand trust. Furthermore, digital literacy was found to be a significant, albeit weaker, moderating factor in this relationship (β = 0.167, p = 0.015), indicating that a consumer's level of digital sophistication influences how they process VI’s attributes to form brand trust. The study concludes that the effectiveness of VIs is not universal but is critically dependent on the audience's level of digital literacy. For theorists, this study extends models like the Elaboration Likelihood Model by validating their application to non-human entities. For managers, the findings underscore the need to prioritize authentic narrative-building and strategic VI alignment with brand identity.

There is an ongoing discussion on the necessity of implementing disclosures for digitally manipulated pictures within the branded content of social media influencers (SMIs). To address this, we conducted two online survey-based between-subjects experiments to assess the effectiveness of digital manipulation disclosures used on Instagram by an SMI. In the first study (N = 99), we examined how a visual prominent disclosure placed directly on the sponsored posts of an SMI, mediated by the recognition of digital manipulation and the perceived authenticity of the SMI, influenced participants’ intentions toward the SMI, their brand attitude, and their likelihood in engaging in electronic Word-of-Mouth. In the second study (N = 155), we manipulated three conditions: the absence of digital manipulation, the presence of digital manipulation without disclosure, and the presence of digital manipulation with disclosure. We investigated the effects of digital manipulation on the perceived credibility of the SMI and on brand related factors, mediated by the recognition of digital manipulation. Moreover, we explored the moderating effects of product involvement on the relationship between digital manipulation recognition and source credibility. Recognizing digital manipulation has no effects on the perceived authenticity of the SMI. Among social media users with high levels of product involvement who can recognize the digital manipulation, the perceived credibility of the SMI tends to be lower. The research holds both theoretical and practical implications for the field of influencer marketing and disclosure practices.

Influencer marketing and paid promotions are increasingly important in companies’ social media marketing strategies, as especially younger consumers rely on social media channels for communication, information, and commerce. This thesis investigates the role of influencer marketing and sponsored content on younger consumers’ buying behaviour. It explores how influencer content and sponsorship disclosures affect consumer trust, perceptions of authenticity, and buying decisions, with a particular focus on the beauty industry. The empirical research is conducted with a quantitative online survey, based on a review of existing literature on the topic. A structured survey was distributed to a sample group of young consumers, gaining a total of 102 valid responses from consumers aged 15–35 from nine different countries. It measures social media platform preferences, perceptions of genuineness in product reviews, influencer characteristics that drive trust, and consumer attitudes toward sponsorship disclosures. Survey data analysis was conducted on Excel, as most survey questions provided measurable results. The few open-ended questions were analysed individually, finding common themes in the responses. Findings highlight how Instagram and TikTok emerge as the best platforms for reaching younger consumers, especially Gen Z consumers, and influencing buying decisions. In addition to these platforms, YouTube and Facebook should be utilized in marketing efforts toward Millennial consumers. From different influencer types, micro influencers are viewed as most relatable and authentic due to close ties to community and peer-like perceptions. Additionally, micro influencers gain around 5–25% higher engagement rates on their posts. Consumers’ attitudes towards sponsorship disclosures commonly lean from neutral or negative, as sponsored product reviews are less trustworthy to consumers as non-sponsored reviews. Overall, this study provides insights to influencer marketing, effective sponsored promotions, and factors that impact younger consumers’ buying decisions. It provides valuable insights for rands and marketers on influencer marketing, for content creators on viewers perceptions, and lays a foundation for academics for possible future research.

Scholars from across the world continue to discuss and debate the psychological, ethical and regulatory issues associated with advertising to children. Despite this, research that explores children’s understanding of advertising more holistically (i.e. from more than just a cognitive developmental perspective) is largely absent from this area. Research must consider dimensions of children’s advertising literacy, that is, their ability to recognise, process and understand advertising and marketing messages besides their age and cognitive ability. Thus, this PhD presents an exploration of children’s advertising literacy, which draws upon an interdisciplinary framework encompassing conceptual and empirical research from two key disciplines: marketing and sociology. This research uses a combination of creative workshops and semi-structured peer interviews with children aged 9-11 years in the UK. This thesis intervenes in established debates about the commercialisation of childhood and children’s culture. It explores children's advertising literacy in the contemporary media environment, forging a dialogue between research on children’s understanding of advertising and consumption behaviour in light of increasingly digital lifestyles. Findings support the suggestion that children need to recognise commercial intent, be that an advertiser’s intention to sell or persuade, in order to identify something as an advertisement. However, in contrast to this assumption, findings also indicate that the ability to identify something as an advertisement is perhaps just one element of a child’s overall advertising literacy. It is also important to consider the application of literacy, the process of interpretation and understand that recognition of underlying commercial intent is not the only factor that may influence the way advertising is interpreted, evaluated and understood by children. In addition to enhancing existing bodies of knowledge, this research highlights six issues for policymakers where the efficacy of current advertising regulations could be improved and proposes a number of recommendations for socially-responsible advertising to children in the UK.

In view of the burgeoning innovation in marketing practices on social media, the need to understand how consumers react to these practices is also on the rise. Drawing on the persuasion knowledge model and literature of sponsorship disclosure and advertising literacy, this study explicates the interaction effect of sponsorship disclosure and advertising literacy intervention on the activation of consumer persuasion knowledge. The results suggest that, among the participants who have viewed the advertising literacy intervention, sponsored influencer posts with a sponsorship disclosure (vs. no disclosure) are more likely to activate participants’ conceptual persuasion knowledge, which in turn, leads to serial reactions, including greater attitudinal persuasion knowledge, decreased electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), and attenuated purchase intentions toward the promoted product. Conversely, among participants who did not view the advertising literacy intervention, sponsorship disclosures did not trigger these serial responses.

Most political parties use advertising to persuade voters in the election. For that reason, the party’s advertisings focus on how to make the good branding for political party’s image by making political marketing approach. This research aims to develop political advertising as a socialization media as well as to educate beginner voters about political knowledge. Based on the reception analysis to the beginner voters, beginner voters make the different interpretation to the party’s advertising in the election. Using participatory action research, the beginner voters involve to create new forms of party’s advertising based in their interpretation. Due to their involvement on the party’s advertising production, they make it by using political literacy approach for strengthening their own political knowledge. For beginner voters, political advertising could be developed as the creative instrument as campaign forms to increase the understanding of political party. Political advertising also become effective political learning tools to literate the public about politics.

This study examines the critical role of media in shaping political communication and voter behavior amid digital information disruption, with the objective of understanding its impact on democratic processes and proposing strategies for effective political communication. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research employs a literature review method, systematically analyzing data extracted from credible sources, including peer-reviewed scholarly articles and public media, through content analysis to generate novel insights. The findings reveal that conventional and digital media significantly influence voter preferences through agenda setting and framing, directing public attention to specific issues and shaping perceptions of political candidates. Socialmedia platforms, while enhancing political participation, particularly among younger demographics, exacerbate polarization and disinformation due to algorithmic biases that reinforce echo chambers and the activities of political buzzers disseminating tailored narratives. The study underscores the urgent need for enhanced media literacy to equip the public with critical skills to navigate information, alongside responsible media practices and ethical political campaigns. It concludes that robust collaboration among media, politicians, academics, and civil society is vital to uphold journalistic integrity, implement transparent regulations, and strengthen digital literacy, fostering a healthy democratic ecosystem. By addressing these challenges, political communication can empower informed voter decisions, ensuring the resilience of democracy in the digital era.

Political advertising in the United States is regulated differently from commercial advertising, and regulations vary by media. The relative lack of regulations on social media has led to the dissemination of false information, often without source disclosure, which is harmful to democracy. In response, in a self-regulatory capacity, Twitter stopped accepting political advertising in 2019, launching a debate over political advertising regulation. We explore voters’ support for regulation of political advertising on social media (as a social or societal outcome of persuasion knowledge), with a focus on how persuasion knowledge of political advertising is related to such support. Our quota sample survey of 208 U.S. voters revealed that political interest in the topic serves as a key moderator in understanding how political information seeking and persuasion knowledge relate to support for regulations. Gender differences in political interest, information seeking, and persuasion knowledge were also found. Men were more likely than women to score higher on these constructs. Considering the role of interest in and information seeking on the topic (i.e., politics) is important for understanding how persuasion knowledge operates.

Data-driven political advertising (DDPA) is a manifestation of data-driven campaigning and isincreasingly used by European political parties. Political actors can collect vast amounts of personaldata to show voters targeted ads. Therefore, DDPA has received much attention from scholars.However, we lack insights into what voters know about DDPA, and how this knowledge affects(dis-)engagement with personalized ads. We approach this problem by examining (a) which votercharacteristics enhance understanding of DDPA tactics and implications, and (b) to what extentDDPA knowledge plays a role for engaging with or avoiding of political ads. In a two-wave panelsurvey study (NW1 = 1264, NW2 = 1011), conducted during the 2021 Dutch General Elections, weshow that (a) male, younger, higher educated and politically interested respondents were mostknowledgeable. Yet, (b) the predictors vary when examining different types of DDPA knowledge,and (c) DDPA knowledge neither affects ad engagement nor ad avoidance, but we find thatpolitical interest and self-efficacy are crucial for ad engagement and ad avoidance, respectively.These findings discuss the relevance of DDPA knowledge in the context of data-driven campaigns,and add to the debate on how to best empower voters in a changed political advertisinglandscape.

Efforts to investigate the role of political microtargeting (PMT) and any plans for regulation should consider certain context- and country-specific factors that may influence the impacts of PMT. In an attempt to understand which drivers influence the information environment around elections, we outlined five factors that are particularly relevant for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): 1. General education, digital skills, and critical media literacy 2. Societal cleavages, inequalities, and polarization 3. Connectivity and access to information 4. Legal and regulatory frameworks 5. Strength and resilience of democratic institutions

In this research, the hypothesis is explored using the perception of people about social media as a campaign system with regard to the efficiency and moral consequences of the targeted advertising. By applying the qualitative methods, the study examines the user reaction towards emotive political advertisements and the effects of emotive political advertisements on political system trust. The results indicate that although targeted advertising serves as an effective way to make the voters interested in the immediate future, it frequently results in long-term disengagement and distrust. The respondents also raised serious concerns regarding any breach of privacy and the control of emotions appeals pointing out that there should be more regulation and transparency in political advertising. The study is relevant to the existing literature because it gives insights into the emotional and ethical aspects of digital political campaigning, the need to encourage actual political participation in the digital age.

This article critically examines the need for regulating political microtargeting in India to uphold democratic accountability and protect voter data privacy. It argues that the current legal framework, including emerging data protection laws, insufficiently addresses the unique challenges posed by microtargeted political campaigns. Unregulated microtargeting allows political actors to disseminate tailored, and sometimes misleading, messages to narrow audiences without broader public scrutiny, undermining the transparency and fairness of the electoral process. At the same time, the mass collection and profiling of personal data for political advertising occurs largely outside robust privacy safeguards, putting citizens’ informational autonomy at risk. The article analyzes gaps in existing election law and data privacy regimes, highlighting the absence of clear accountability mechanisms and privacy protections for microtargeting practices. It proposes legal reforms, such as stricter data protection obligations for political parties, transparency requirements for online political advertising, and oversight by election authorities, to mitigate these risks. Such measures are imperative to reinforce democratic integrity and individual privacy in India’s digital political landscape.

This study investigates the effect of online political ads on party preference, and whether this effect is more pronounced for newer political parties and voters who are less politically knowledgeable and literate regarding online privacy. A mixed-method approach, combining Facebook browser tracking data and a four-wave panel survey, was adopted during the 2021 Dutch General Election campaign. The results showed that the number of political ads received from a specific party has a positive effect on both the propensity and choice to vote for that party. In addition, people with less political knowledge and online privacy literacy are more likely to be persuaded by online political ads. However, at the party level, there is no evidence indicating that the effect of political ads on party preference is stronger for new parties than for established parties. Overall, this study shows that voters can be persuaded via the frequency of exposure to online political ads, but the extent to which they are affected can vary.

Political microtargeting has been widely debated as a potential threat to democratic societies. However, after more than a decade of research on its implementation in political campaigns and effects on the electorate, questions about its actual impact remain unanswered. This article examines the current state of research on political microtargeting, with a focus on content personalisation as a defining feature. First, the term microtargeting is defined based on previous studies to also consider adequate operationalisations. Further, empirical findings on its use by political actors and findings of the potential impact on voters are summarised, highlighting content personalisation as a crucial element of microtargeting. A theoretical frame work is proposed to explain the mechanisms of content personalisation in political social media campaigns. This framework considers the role of political and personal predispositions in shaping the effectiveness of personalised political communication. Distinguishing relevant factors of personalisation and their respective influence contributes to future research and the ongoing discussion on the impact of content personalisation on democratic societies

Media literacy has become an essential tool for addressing the growing challenges of misinformation, disinformation, and political propaganda in the digital age. This study explores the theoretical, pedagogical, and policy dimensions of media literacy as a framework for strengthening democratic integrity and civic engagement. It begins by examining historical patterns of propaganda, the role of social media in amplifying false information, and case studies of misinformation during elections and crises. The analysis then turns to education, highlighting curriculum design, pedagogical strategies for critical thinking and fact-checking, and the roles of teachers, librarians, and civic organizations in fostering informed citizenship. At the policy level, federal and state initiatives, regulatory practices, and the delicate balance between free speech and information integrity are critically assessed. Furthermore, the study investigates instructional design models, technology-enhanced learning tools such as games and AI, and evaluation metrics for program effectiveness. Finally, it emphasizes integrating media literacy into national education standards, advancing policy recommendations, and applying design thinking innovations to counter misinformation. Overall, the paper underscores the importance of a multidimensional approach that blends education, policy, and technology to safeguard democratic values in an era of information disorder.

Online political advertising and its implications for liberal democracies has become a topic of considerable scholarly and regulatory interest in recent years. The report is guided by the question of how online political advertising is regulated in Europe, especially in the context of elections but also more generally. Its aim is to map the existing, and to some extent upcoming, regulatory framework of online political advertising in the EU and in selected Member States of Germany, France, Spain, Ireland and Poland. After a brief analysis of key concepts, the report maps the EU regulation of data protection and electronic commerce, and other complementary regulation within the Union’s competence. Lastly, the report contains the five case studies of Member State election and online media law. While the relevant EU law is in flux with new regulatory initiatives being processed in the fields of data protection, e-commerce and artificial intelligence, uncertainties also remain concerning the interpretation of existing laws, for instance, on data protection obligations and intermediary liability. In turn, the addressed Member States currently a lack proper electoral and media law framework that would systematically take into account the deployment of online services in the dissemination of election propaganda. However, there is increasing attention paid to online services by national regulators that focuses primarily on information disseminated via the largest online services.

This study reviews the literature on online political advertising literacy, sorting concepts and evidence. Through reflexive thematic analysis of 39 articles, we identify key concepts, interventions, and reported effects of online political advertising literacy. Based on this analysis, we propose a definition that includes conceptual understanding, evaluation, ethical considerations, and skills as components necessary for interpreting political ads and messages across online contexts. We find only few prior studies have empirically tested interventions in the context of targeting, mainly through two dominant approaches: educational interventions and targeting disclosures, most focusing on the latter. Lastly, we propose four starting points for future research: broadening the scope of interventions, tailoring them to specific audiences, exploring effective formats and long-term impacts, and conducting more qualitative research on how individuals process (targeted) political ads. This review underscores the need for further research to enhance interventions and empower citizens in an increasingly online political world.

For over half a century art directors within the advertising industry have been adapting to the changes occurring in media, culture and the corporate sector, toward enhancing professional performance and competitiveness. These professionals seldom offer explicit justification about the role images play in effective communication. It is uncertain how this situation affects advertising performance, because advertising has, nevertheless, evolved in parallel to this as an industry able to fabricate new opportunities for itself. However, uncertainties in the formalization of art direction knowledge restrict the possibilities of knowledge transfer in higher education. The theoretical knowledge supporting advertising art direction has been adapted spontaneously from disciplines that rarely focus on specific aspects related to the production of advertising content, like, for example: marketing communication, design, visual communication, or visual art. Meanwhile, in scholarly research, vast empirical knowledge has been generated about advertising images, but often with limited insight into production expertise. Because art direction is understood as an industry practice and not as an academic discipline, an art direction perspective in scholarly contributions is rare. Scholarly research that is relevant to art direction seldom offers viewpoints to help understand how it is that research outputs may specifically contribute to art direction practices. This thesis is dedicated to formally understanding the knowledge underlying art direction and using it to explore models for visual analysis and knowledge transfer in higher education. The first three chapters of this thesis offer, firstly, a review of practical and contextual aspects that help define art direction, as a profession and as a component in higher education; secondly, a discussion about visual knowledge; and thirdly, a literature review of theoretical and analytic aspects relevant to art direction knowledge. Drawing on these three chapters, this thesis establishes explicit structures to help in the development of an art direction curriculum in higher education programs. Following these chapters, this thesis explores a theoretical combination of the terms ‘aesthetics’ and ‘strategy’ as foundational notions for the study of art direction. The theoretical exploration of the term ‘strategic aesthetics’ unveils the potential for furthering knowledge in visual commercial practices in general. The empirical part of this research explores ways in which strategic aesthetics notions can extend to methodologies of visual analysis. Using a combination of content analysis and of structures of interpretive analysis offered in visual anthropology, this research discusses issues of methodological appropriation as it shifts aspects of conventional methodologies to take into consideration paradigms of research that are producer-centred. Sampled out of 2759 still ads from the online databases of Cannes Lions Festival, this study uses an instrumental case study of love-related advertising to facilitate the analysis of content. This part of the research helps understand the limitations and functionality of the theoretical and methodological framework explored in the thesis. In light of the findings and discussions produced throughout the thesis, this project aims to provide directions for higher education in relation to art direction and highlights potential pathways for further investigation of strategic aesthetics.

Continuous research and study of technological advances in media communication is a modern requirement that is dictated by scientific needs. Technological possibilities are changing daily and being supplemented by new tools and mobile services, making it important to define the audience of the media communication. This article presents the results of survey that aimed to identify media literacy issues and identify gender and geo-regional characteristics of digital media users. The social status of the audience was also analyzed, as well as the coefficient of network usage. The purpose of the scientific article was to evaluate the activity of social networking channels and personal information portals of major media companies in the country. To determine the scientific and practical relevance of the research, the level of news distribution in social networks and information portals was studied, and the impact of fake news on the audience was discussed. The most common formats in social networks, such as podcasts and infographics, were also tracked. Methods such as survey, comparative content analysis, and monitoring were used to identify the main problems of the study. As a result, the audience of digital media in recent years was analyzed, and new data was provided on the users of the video hosting of the most viewed YouTube channels. It was determined that literacy in the use of open databases still needs to be developed. The study found that media audiences are not yet capable of developing technological capabilities at this stage. The difference between independent and state-owned media was cited using specific examples. Ways to create competent content in the media space were evaluated, and solutions to audience problems in digital media were proposed based on scientific papers and expert opinions.

Reception analysis takes into consideration not only individual differences but also cultural differences. On the other hand, there are diverse factors determining audience’s reception and active participation. Education, age, sex, economical status, family background, ethnicity, world –view and similar factors affect the reception process. Besides that, being media literate and fostering a critical approach towards media texts also determines reception. Taking into account all these factors, this research is designed as a comparative reception analysis. We will be comparing the reception of a global product by youngsters (Survivor Show) within the scope of media literacy education and cultural differences. For that purpose we realized focus group discussions with communication faculty students from Spain and Turkey. The research was realized in the framework of literature review including the above mentioned topics.

The exchange of information, discourse and meaning across a bewildering array of cultural, geographic and political barriers has become a central concern for a broad range of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. As such, there is a growing body of empirical work in academic journals and doctoral theses that addresses particular instances of transnational reception. It is nonetheless fair to say that as a field of study, our knowledge of transnational audiences remains highly fragmented and lacks a common conceptual or comparative framework. In the main, overarching theories of global media flows and markets continue to rest upon theoretical understandings of media reception that are largely derived from a previous epoch where media mobility and intercultural communication was not a primary focus. As a consequence, contemporary studies of transnational media reception still require a coherent geography capable of addressing the unique demands of this kind of work. There is a pressing need, therefore, to articulate the theoretical work on the transnational itself with a technologically and politically updated configuration of media reception in the twenty-first century. Ambitious as this proposition might sound, defining this terrain in a comprehensive and accessible fashion has become a necessary step in furthering critical debates in this exciting and important field. This article will not achieve this goal, naturally, but will instead seek to lay out some of the conceptual terrain from which we might proceed

The use of social media saturates the everyday lives of young people, offering complex, rich challenges and opportunities for cultivating their skills with and disposition toward online participatory politics in “a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world ” (National Council for the Social Studies). While attempts to define digital civic engagement are still in a formative stage (Kligler-Vilenchik & Thorson, 2016), National Council for the Social Studies suggests drawing upon youth’s informal personal use of social media and seeking to transfer these experiences into formal civic and academic settings so as to enable students to become civically engaged in digital spaces. The following are reasons to do so, supported with recommendations on ways to aid in that transformation, and with resources to enable us as social studies educators to turn those recommendations into civic realities.